How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony Essay Example for Free

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony Essay The bedrock of the American legal procedure is the trustworthiness of observers in preliminary. Onlooker declaration can establish a profound connection with a jury, which is regularly only appointed the job of sifting through validity issues and making decisions about reality of witness articulations. In the U. S. , there is the chance of more than 5,000 unjust feelings every year in light of mixed up observer recognizable pieces of proof. The constant progression of media stories that recount honest individuals being imprisoned should fill in as a sign to us that the human distinguishing proof procedure is overflowing with an enormous number of mistake dangers. These dangers have been to a great extent bolstered by inquire about. Shockingly, a jury once in a while knows about the dangers; subsequently, observer declaration stays a much-utilized and much-believed process by the individuals who are ignorant ordinarily, legitimately clueless. In cases in which onlooker declaration is utilized, as a rule, a specialist won't be permitted to vouch for the deficiencies of observer recognizable proof. In this way, the clueless remain willfully unaware of the intrinsic dangers associated with onlooker distinguishing proof declaration. Over and over again, these willfully unaware individuals make up a jury of our friends. (McAtlin, 1999). As indicated by McAtlin, there are three pieces of an observer declaration: (1) Witnessing a wrongdoing †as a casualty or an onlooker †includes viewing the occasion while it is occurring. (2) The observer must retain the subtleties of the event. (3) The observer must have the option to precisely review and impart what the person saw. Investigations of illegitimate conviction cases have presumed that incorrect onlooker recognizable pieces of proof are by a wide margin the main source of sentencing the guiltless. A few examinations have been directed on human memory and on subjects’ affinity to recollect mistakenly occasions and subtleties that didn't happen. At the point when individuals attempt to gain, hold and recover data with any clearness, presumptive impacts and basic human disappointments significantly restrict them. The law can manage a portion of these human confinements others are unavoidable. The unavoidable ones can make observer declaration destroying in the court and can prompt unjust feelings. Shockingly, recollections are not permanently stepped onto a mind video tape. An occasion put away in the human memory experiences consistent change. A few subtleties might be adjusted when new or diverse data about the occasion is added to the current memory. A few subtleties are just overlooked and typical memory misfortune happens persistently. All things considered, witnesses regularly become progressively sure about the accuracy of their recollections after some time. The first memory has blurred and has been supplanted with new data. This new data has supplanted the first memory in light of the fact that the common procedure of memory crumbling has persevered. Besides, singular observers differ generally in trustworthiness and thinking. . (McAtlin, 1999). Investigations of unjust conviction cases have reasoned that mistaken onlooker distinguishing pieces of proof are by a long shot the main source of sentencing the guiltless. For instance, the Innocence Project of Cardozo School of Law reports that of the initial 130 exemptions, 101 (or 77. 8 percent) included mixed up distinguishing pieces of proof. In any case, precisely how frequently observers commit unfortunate errors that lead to the discipline of honest people is obscure and most likely mysterious. One of the scandalous situations where mixed up personality prompted the illegitimate conviction and execution was Gary Graham. Grahams case got across the board consideration, partially due to generous proof demonstrating that he was blameless of the homicide accusation, and the unquestionable actuality that his court-designated preliminary attorney neglected to mount a genuine legitimate protection. Graham was indicted for murdering market agent Bobby Lambert on May 13, 1981 during a theft endeavor. Graham was 17 years of age at that point. There was no physical proof connecting him to the wrongdoing and just one observer who recognized him as the killer. Onlookers who told police specialists Graham was not the executioner were never called to affirm at preliminary by Grahams legal counselor. Established Protections In Neil v. Biggers, the U. S. Preeminent Court built up measures that hearers may use to assess the dependability of observer distinguishing pieces of proof. The Biggers Court counted a few variables to decide whether an intriguing distinguishing proof is solid: (1) the witness’s chance to see the suspect; (2) the witness’s level of consideration; (3) the exactness of depiction; (4) the witness’s level of assurance; and (5) the time among episode and showdown, I. . , recognizable proof. Courts today keep on permitting into proof intriguing distinguishing proof declaration. Right now, courts consider the suitability of recognizable proof declaration under a Fourteenth Amendment procedural fair treatment investigation. On the off chance that a court discovers that a pretrial ID was superfluously interest ing, it at that point determines whether the intriguing strategy offered ascend to a significant probability of hopeless misidentification. A court will locate a generous probability of hopeless misidentification in particular if the ID is seen as problematic. Accordingly, regardless of whether the court reasons that a police distinguishing proof technique was interesting, it might be permissible if the court finds that the recognizable proof is in any case liable to be exact. A court will adjust the interestingness of the recognizable proof methodology against the probability that the distinguishing proof is right, bringing about a corrupt standard of law that turns on the court’s emotional appraisal of the defendant’s blame. Issues That Impact an Individuals Testimony A particular glance at how memory capacities and how recommendation works llustrates why cooperation in unregulated arrangements makes absurd dangers of misidentification. Distinguishing proof techniques contrast from other police investigatory methods in that they exclusively depend on human memory. Human memory comprises of three fundamental frameworks: (1) encoding, (2) stockpiling, and (3) recovery. â€Å"Encoding† is the underlying preparing of an occasion that outcomes in a memory. â€Å"Storage† is the maintenance of the encoded data. â€Å"Retrieval† is the recuperation of the put away data. Blunders can happen at each progression. In spite of normal comprehension of memory, not everything that registers in the focal sensory system is forever put away in the psyche and specific subtleties become progressively blocked off after some time. As per Loftus and Ketchum, â€Å"Truth and reality, when seen through the channels of our recollections, are not target realities but rather abstract, interpretive real factors. † Because these procedures are oblivious, people for the most part see their recollections as totally exact and their announcing of what they recall as completely honest, regardless of how misshaped or off base they, truth be told, might be. An individual’s recollections become misshaped even without outer proposal or inner individual misery. Normally, individuals tailor their recounting occasions to the audience and the unique circumstance. (Loftus Ketchum 1991). Numerous conditions, for example, dread, lighting, good ways from the occasion, shock, and individual inclinations all influence memory and review. Human memory is without a doubt sensitive, particularly in regards to casualties and observers of wrongdoings. Dread and horrible accidents may disable the underlying procurement of the memory itself. At the hour of a distinguishing proof, the observer is frequently in a troubled passionate state. Numerous casualties and witnesses experience considerable stun in view of their horrible encounters that keep on influencing them at the hour of recognizable proof strategies. In a specific case in court, the therapist can decide the dependability of the proof of a specific observer and empower the appointed authority and the jury to put the best possible incentive on such witnesss declaration. For instance, an observer may promise in a specific way including the estimation of time and separation. The therapist can quantify the witnesss precision in such gauges, regularly demonstrating that what the observer professes to have the option to do is an inconceivability. A case may rely on whether a timespan was ten minutes or twelve minutes, or whether a separation was 300 or 400 feet. An observer may swear decidedly to either of these focuses. The clinician can show the court the confinements of the observer in making such gauges. Outline of Psychology and Law The administration of brain research to law can be exceptionally incredible, yet inferable from the important conservatism of the courts, it will be quite a while before they will utilize mental information. Maybe the best assistance will be in deciding the believability of proof. Brain science would now be able to give the general standards in this issue. Witnesses go on the stand and pledge to a wide range of things with respect to what they heard and saw and did, regularly months and even years already. The master clinical analyst can tell the court the likelihood of such proof being valid. Trials have demonstrated that there is a huge level of mistake in such proof. The extra worth that originates from the promise has been estimated. The vow builds the obligation of truth just a little rate. Analysts some of the time give master declaration as general declaration where hypothesis and research is depicted and applied to an issue under the watchful eye of the court. The master would not give sentiments about any gathering associated with the case under the watchful eye of the court, yet may offer thoughts about considerable research that is pertinent to the issues. Job of Psychology Professional in Forensic Matters Clinical-criminological therapists are utilized in an assortment of settings including state legal emergency clinics, court facilities, psychological wellness places, correctional facilities, jails, and adolescent treatment habitats. Clinical-criminological clinicians are per

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Usa – Seat Problem

1. As Doug Friesen, what might you do to address the seat issue? Where might you concentrate and arrangement endeavors? Why? The two significant reasons for seat absconds start with KFS, identifying with material imperfections and missing parts. The seat reinforce issue is a far off third. As KFS is the party in question the circumstance should be tended to at their site. Utilizing the customary TMC first standard of ‘let’s go see it’ and afterward unite on the Five Why’s, Doug should visit KFS and investigate the assembling and QC process. By concentrating on revealing issues at the wellspring of the seats, it is likely there will be less issues at the TMM plant. The emphasis on QC at KFS might dispose of 113 of the 138 issues detailed between 14-30 April, 1992. For the time being, address the prompt issue of the accumulation by accommodating requests with KFS to guarantee the overabundance is cleared. This would require little asset and be a speedy success. 2. What choices exist? What might you suggest? Why? Rearranging the seats could lessen the issue since item multiplication seems to added multifaceted nature to KFS fabricating process, however it’s impossible that the planners will accept this input as welcome given comparative issues are not looked at the Japanese plant. Overhauling the seat or supplanting handily broken parts could lessen breakage and establishment issues, while preparing the staff to be progressively cautious with establishment, or the KFS staff with get together, may likewise be a choice. Supplanting the provider would be a high-chance choice that would possibly be investigated if the issues at KFS were irreversible to the point that TMM had no other decision. While these alternatives may possibly address some portion of the issue, improving the QC procedure and afterward working in reverse from that point into the get together and make at KFS will eventually have the best single effect on creation proficiency. 3. Where, if by any stretch of the imagination, does the momentum routine for dealing with faulty seats go astray from the standards of the Toyota Production System? One of the major fundamental standards of TPS was working in quality on the line. The announcing of deformities at the seat gathering point didn't give off an impression of being reliable and was just revealed by meeting group pioneers on the industrial facility floor. Moreover, vehicles were accounted for as blemished at this point proceeded down the sequential construction system until fruition, where they were taken disconnected to hang tight for a substitution seat. No place else on the line were vehicles expelled because of imperfection: group pioneers or creation chiefs were liable for settling issues while still in the sequential construction system. The explanations behind doing so seemed sound, since the vehicle could be done with a damaged seat, seats should have been requested from KFS and halting the line for such an extensive period would have diminished profitability. One imperfection in the process was that there were defects that could be redressed in the Code 1 center. These imperfections could have been managed while on the sequential construction system and hence decreased the weight in the facility, while bringing issues to light of basic deformities and their source prior all the while. The center didn't seem to have indistinguishable revealing duties from the mechanical production system since the executives didn't know about the primary driver of the imperfections. 4. What is the genuine issue confronting Doug Friesen? Procedure and criticism the board issues at TMM and quality control the executives issues at KFS were the fundamental explanations behind the seat issues. In addition, the ‘jidoka’ procedure had been skirted in the seat establishment process, uncovering a potential shortcoming in the creation line. Doug should execute an in-line endeavor at fixing seat issues preceding the referral to the Code 1 Clinic. Standard criticism from the center just as the sequential construction system would improve data straightforwardness and recognize the wellspring of deformities for the board at the most punctual point simultaneously. At long last, similar procedures ought to be embraced at KFS and QC fortified impressively to dodge the conveyance of inadequate seats however much as could be expected. Since this is a basic way to situate conveyance, no seats should go to TMM without a careful QC test at KFS.

Why You Should Spend Time on Good Topics For An Argumentative Essay

Why You Should Spend Time on Good Topics For An Argumentative EssayAre you ready to think about how to write an argumentative essay? If so, this is probably the best time to learn about these topics. There are many good arguments that are possible and you can do this on a topic of your choice. The more you get to practice these topics, the better you will be at writing an argumentative essay.Start with a topic that you are passionate about. These are the ones that will be remembered and given credit for the great essay that you produced. You should find out what type of arguments have been successful in the past. Some people like to focus on their favorite topics and these will always give them the power to use that power. You can also focus on topics that interest you or maybe you are interested in writing about them.The topic you choose for writing an argumentative essay is the most important part of the whole process. Without it, you will not know what to write and how to write it . It should be something that is easy to understand, so that you can relate the content to the different reasons that the audience will be trying to make out for the content. If it is difficult to understand, then there are chances that the reader may not get any value from the content.These arguments tend to use just a few powerful words in order to get to the point. As mentioned above, in order to save time you can focus on these topics, that are easy to remember. You may not even need to use all those different words that you would use if you were to write a normal essay. Just stick to a few simple concepts and the topics will become easier to understand.In order to make sure that you have a good grasp on these topics and what is good to include in an effective essay, there are plenty of resources that you can use. If you are looking to write an argumentative essay on any subject you need to check out what is popular now. This will give you ideas of what people have been able to come up with in the past.It is also important to look at these topics if you have new ideas. This will give you ideas of the strategies that you can use in order to make the content stand out.The most important thing about writing an argumentative essay is the content itself. If you are able to do this, you will have no problem being able to give the content a great deal of value to the audience. The essay will be as interesting as it is because of the quality of the content.

Black Men, By Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs

Racial prejudices plagued the minds of Americans during the 18th and 19th centuries. African Americans were viewed as intellectually and morally inferior to the white race. Black men were viewed as uneducable pack mules given value merely based on their strength and ability to work. Black women were viewed as lustful creatures that served the purpose of fulfilling a slave-owner’s sexual desires and for reproducing new â€Å"property†. A slave’s manhood or womanhood was diminished as neither gender had the ability to create a self-identity outside the gender roles assigned to them by the slavery institution. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs defy these stereotypes in their noteworthy slave narratives as they recount their struggles for self-discovery and freedom. Douglass proved that black men were capable of intellectual stimulation and self-identification beyond the field. Jacobs showed that black women could maintain moral respect and serve as a devoted mot her simultaneously. Thus, Douglass and Jacobs were able to undermine the dominant racial theories of the 18th and 19th centuries through their powerful slave narratives. Douglass equated the achievement of manhood, self-acquired freedom, and personal voice. Douglass lacked an identity for the first many years of his life, as was the case for most slaves. Henry Louis Gates Jr. points out how â€Å"deprivation of a birth date, a name, a family structure, and of legal rights makes of the deprived a brute, a subhuman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (6). BlackShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Writings By Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass1718 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison of Writings by Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass In this paper I will compare the writings of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass. I will touch on their genre, purpose, content, and style. Both authors were born into slavery. Both escaped to freedom and fought to bring an end to slavery, each in their own way. Both Jacobs and Douglass have a different purpose for their writings. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both slaves that wrote about their strugglesRead MoreJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 Pagesappealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existence of the slaves morality that they are forced compromise to live. Both narrators show slave narratives in the point of view of both men and women slaves that had to deal with physical, mental, and moral abuse duringRead MoreEssay about Fredrick Douglas And Harriet Jacobs1717 Words   |  7 Pageswhite men stripped of almost every last bit of humanity in them. African-Americans were constricted to this state of mind by their owners vicious treatment, but also the practice of keeping them uneducated. Keep ing the slaves illiterate hindered them from understanding the world around them. Slave owners knew this. The slaves who were able to read and write always rebelled more against their masters. Frederick Douglass, author of A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and Harriet JacobsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass both wrote narratives that detailed their lives as slaves in the antebellum era. Both of these former slaves managed to escape to the North and wanted to expose slavery for the evil thing it was. The accounts tell equally of depravity and ugliness though they are different views of the same rotten institution. Like most who managed to escape the shackles of slavery, these two authors share a common bond of tenacity and authenticity. Their voices are different—oneRead MoreEssay on Out of the Silence1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthe past we can better determine the path of the future. The personal stories of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs are two excellent examples of the slave narrative genre in American literature. To be sure, bondage and oppression had a lasting and profound effect on both genders; however, men and women experienced slavery in different ways. By comparing and contrasting â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† and â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl,† we gain very differentRead MoreEssay on The Cruelty of Slavery and Opression in America1599 Words   |  7 Pagesmany abolitionists who fought for equality in the 19th century, Angelina Grimke, Frederick Douglass, and Harriett Jacobs stand out as some of the most influential writers and orators of that time. Angelina Grimke was a white southern woman, who abandoned the south with her sister to denounce slavery and began to primarily focus on persuading white women to use what rights they had to act against slavery. Fr ederick Douglass was one of the most famous abolitionists in United States history. He used hisRead MoreEthos, Pathos, and Logos: Black Abolitionist Arguments Against Slavery1420 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluential and outspoken abolitionists were actually former slaves. Three such speakers during that time were Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Jacobs. All born into slavery, and having witnessed its horrors first-hand, these three black reformers publicly took a stand against the atrocity of enslaving fellow human beings. They argued for their rights as men and women. However, they each went about their arguments using different modes of persuasion. While the main message of each abolitionistRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Slave Narratives Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesresilience and ingenuity. Frederick Douglass’s and Harriet Jacobs’s narratives both focused on self-made individuals who experienced upward mobility through their own efforts and hard work, therefore partaking in the positive redefining of African Americans. The writing methods of each differed in the style in which they presented their narratives where Douglass took on a sermonic style and Jacobs employed the â€Å"sentimental novel† (Alonzo 119) formula. While Douglass presented the sufferings ofRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl, By Harriet Tubman And The Fight For Freedom1394 Words   |  6 Pagesenslaved men, or white women. To black women, the idea of freedom was conceived around the concept of family. For white women, freedom meant achieving equal footing with men, and getting their natural rights. And, for the enslaved black man, the idea that they could grasp their own freedom was first found through the issues of physical violence. In this paper, I will explore the notion of fre edom held by different groups using the following texts: â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl†, â€Å"Harriet TubmanRead MoreSlavery in America1124 Words   |  5 Pageswas for the African American female slaves? Harriet Jacobs goes into detail about her life as a slave and gives the female perspective under the alias Linda Brent in the novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She states that everything she says in the book is completely true. There are stereotypes of black women during this time: being looked upon as sexual objects and being promiscuous. Jacobs’s attempts to resist the stereotypical images of black women are unsuccessful, even with the presence

A Summary Of The Hurricane - 967 Words

In Chapter 12 the remains of the hurricane are brought to the surface. The community lost the nature that surrounds them and their families lives. Esch’s childhood was changed by this hurricane. Katrina brought the family together through the loss of possessions, which create a place to store your memories and sentimental items. Memories for Randall were physically taken away but not mentally. An acknowledgment and acceptance was brought to old situations with Esch and Daddy. Hope was shown through the loss of China. The indomitability of the Bois community after Katrina shows the strength of the community when brought together. The nature of the town is strong before the storm like the Baptist family becomes after the storm. The young†¦show more content†¦She said, ‘Alive.’†(Epigraph). Being able to see the court where Randall played and looked for a future was upsetting but being there and alive was the good part. Sports was one opportunity that Randall was given, â€Å"We passed what used to be the elementary school, the gym where Randall, a few days ago, played for a lost his chance at going to basketball camp and being recognized by a college scout for his talent, for being Randall...† (251). This place being destroyed does not just take away what could have been a new life for Randall, but it shows the end of a â€Å"storm† in more ways than one. The storm may have been Katrina but it was not just Katrina, it was all of the lies and information that came flooding out just before and during when the storm was occurring. Esch was keeping her secret about being pr egnant away from some of her family. Although this storm did damage to the physical objects it cleared some of the problems in Esch and her family’s lives. China and Esch were both mothers and mothers stick together through the bond of empathy through difficult situations. China and Esch were similar in many ways. They both were gonna end up being moms, but not just that. Kilo and China fight just like Esch and Manny fight. Esch was the eye in her family as shown in this scene, â€Å"‘Yeah,’ Randall says from the doorway of the shed. Big Henry is beside him. Junior is clinging to Randall’s back, graspingShow MoreRelatedHurricane Katrina: Analysis And Summary Of Articles1. .1567 Words   |  7 PagesHurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 1 Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles Micheal Boor GO125DL Natural Disasters Park University Ms. Jill Lockard 09 April 2017 Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 2 Abstract The intent of this paper will be to analyze and summarize scholarly case studies and news articles concerning the flooding caused when Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana in 2005. Additionally, this paper will provideRead MoreModern Technology and Business Communication770 Words   |  4 Pagesand inform the public about hurricane preparedness. Thesis Statement: Three basic level of preparedness individual should take; (1) before a hurricane, (2) during a hurricane and (3) After a hurricane. Introduction Attention-Getter: It was the Caribbean’s worst nightmare, when an extremely powerful hurricane was formed during the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season and creates a widespread destruction in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. At category 4 Hurricane â€Å"Gilbert† struck Jamaica onRead MorePre And Post Disaster Changes Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesIsaac GEO 1113-71 October 9, 2016 Introduction Hurricane Katrina, one of the intense storms, impacted the coast of the United States. Affecting the central Gulf Coast states of the US; cities such as New Orleans, LA, Mobile, AL, and Gulfport, MS were impacted by the burden of Katrina s force. The hurricane was so large that the area sustained forceful winds for hours before the storm s eye reached land on August 29, 2005. Following the hurricane, devastated cities across the Gulf Coast sufferedRead MoreGovernment Response Of Hurricane Katrina1194 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment Response to Hurricane Katrina Levels of Government In my opinion, all three levels of government failed the people of New Orleans in responding to Hurricane Katrina. There was plenty of pushing the blame on one another that ended up delaying responses and finding results. It seemed like one level of government would try saying the other level of government is responsible for that role. For example, The Director of FEMA, Michael Brown would say that the local and state are in charge ofRead MoreHurricanes And Climate Disaster Events784 Words   |  4 Pages1. Summary Hurricanes and climate disaster events caused losses exceeding $110 billion in damages and 377 deaths across the United States, in the year 2012. This makes the year 2012 the second costliest on record, after the year 2005 which witnessed $160 billion losses due to hurricanes, including hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Sandy was the major driver of substantial damage costs in the year 2012 (approximately $65 billion). During the 1980-2005 period, the United States sustained over $500 billionRead MoreEssay On Hurricanes803 Words   |  4 Pages Summary The United States was recently been hit twice by two Category 4 hurricanes in Texas and Florida, which caused major flooding, houses to be ruined and both states needing a tremendous amount of clean up. The two hurricanes could cost the U.S. about $290 million. This will offset the national growth of the economy since August until the rest of the fourth quarter. This will not only affect the entire economy, but locally with higher unemployment, damage to forms of transportation, inflationRead MoreThe Ipcc On The Climate Change1008 Words   |  5 Pages1. What is this report about? The IPCC Summary for Policymakers 2014 assesses the impacts of climate change worldwide. The IPCC Summary for Policymakers provides policy makers an overview of what needs to be reviewed, further aiding them in creating policies to better manage and reduce the impact of climate change. The report provides prospective related to how changes through adaptation and mitigation can benefit the impact on climate change. Furthermore the report evaluates what needs to changeRead MoreHurricane Katrina And Its Impact On The United States1592 Words   |  7 PagesHurricane Katrina is considered as one of the worst hurricanes ever recorded in the history of the United States. It was the sixth strongest Atlantic hurricane ever and the third strongest on record that had reached the United States (Chambers, 2007). According to Brinkley (2006), the hurricane occurred on August 29th, 2005, and had a massive physical impact on the land and to the residents of New Orleans City .Before the hurricane; there was massive destruction of the wetlands besides constructionRead MoreNew Guidelines And Infrastructure Improvements In New Orleans Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pages New Guidelines and Infrastructure Improvements in New Orleans With the tremendous loss of life and destruction of property that resulted from Hurricane Katrina, the American Society of Civil Engineers and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) began redesigning and implementing new hurricane prevention system guidelines. Through extensive studies, it was evident that the structures for the levees were constructed on weak and compressible soil. â€Å"Although the geology of the area was relatively wellRead MoreThe Observations Of Hurricane Katrina1049 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The observations of Hurricane Katrina are examined by several data assimilations and forecast experiments from the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) rapid-scan (RS) wind observations. The satellites tracks cloud motions from a five minute images and intervals. During the observations, operational forecast are supplemented, with the inclusion that errors are reduced in Katrina landfall positions. From the eighty-four to one hundred and twenty hour marks that the large

Marketing Communication Branding and Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Communicationfor Branding and Strategy. Answer: A set of mechanisms utilized for coordination of the promotional messages which are being delivered or conveyed through one or mediums such as print media, radio, television, direct and personal selling. In simple terms it is a communication process in which the marketers are the senders and the consumers are the receivers and the communication process done by the marketer for creating awareness about the offerings is known as marketing communication. The concept is of very much significant for each and every communication and also for its operational efficiency (Rzemieniak, 2017). The concept is simple aids in ensuring all forms of communications and the conveyed messages are linked whilst ensuring the efforts made by each stakeholder which are aligned as per the changing marketing trends. The below presented report has been focused on the branding and strategy and marketing communication for food industry. Further brand analysis will be carried out on Dominos which is an American m ultinational brand of pizza restaurants and Burger Urge which is a local Australian brand and which is Brisbane based Gourmet Burger chain. The below presented is the brief information about the two selected brands for food industry:- Dominos which is an American multinational and well established brand name in the fast-food sector and is one of the leading brands in the Pizza restaurant chain, the company was a private owned entity before 2004 and after that the company went public and is now traded in New York Stock Exchange. It has its headquarters in at the Domino Farms Office Park Ann Arbor Charter Township, Michigan, United States, near Ann Arbor, Michigan.The company was founded by brothers Tom and James Monaghan when they purchased a pizza store named Dominicks located in Ypsilanti, Michigan and at that stage they started the business as one-store operations. In 1965, the company was renamed Dominos Pizza (Alden and Nariswari, 2017). The brand offers a diversified range of pizza; the chain also offers other dishes such as pasta, over baked sandwiches, deserts, fried chicken, side dishes and beverages etc. Burger Urge is a private owned entity which has successfully completed its 10 years of completion since their first restaurant. The company is theBrisbanes original gourmet burger kings and for future they are establishing and planning to build a great share in the Australian casual dining sector. From a slow and steady start he Carthew brothers have built Burger Urge into a business with a staff of 240, an annual turnover of $20 million and 11 employees in headquarters, The brand offers a delicious and healthy range of burgers, salads, milkshakes and other beverages, Target Markets As both the companies operate their business activities in the same sector, so the targeted consumers are almost same. Both the organizations are into offering best quality of fast food which provides a great level of satisfaction to the consumers of each and every group (Aaker, 2012). The biggest similarity in both the companies is that both have a diversified range of health and delicious and affordable range of products which can be consumed by each and every group For instance, Dominos pizza and the other offerings of the brand can be enjoyed by individuals from a teen-ager to an adult or an aged one. The products are affordable as they are with an economic range and can be purchased by any individual. Same is with the Burger Urge; the company also offers varied range of healthy burgers and many more offerings at an economical range. There is only one big difference in the target market of both the brands i.e. Dominos is a multinational brand and so it enjoys customers on a globe level, whereas the Burger Urge is a local brand name in Australia and has a limited share of targeted market. Brand Positioning Strategy: It refers to the target consumer which helps in improving the sale of the company and by that name of brand also increases (Janiszewska and Insch, 2012). It provides succour in attaining aims and objectives. Brand positioning of Dominos is divided into three levels which help in maintaining brand image in the market place. Three levels are desirable benefit, product attributes, beliefs or values. They deliver the fresh Pizza to their consumers. The product attribute of Dominos which makes it product unique among its competitors and on the basis of that they are having their own large number of stores which helps in maintaining high quality of standard of Pizza. The next desirable benefits are they are providing the Pizza to their consumers within 30minutes. Brand positioning of Dominos is versatile and it provides the guarantee that they are selling high quality fresh Pizza which is delivered on time with creates a brand image in the market. On the other side, Burger urge is also pro viding better quality products but in taste the product of this company is different. From their competitors they are trying to provide better merchandise. Along with this they are doing short term promotions and selling product by using the price as a comparison point. For attaining the market position, both the business entities can do competitor analysis or competitor positioning analysis. Elements of brand identity of Dominos Pizza are that this company having a logo and it consists of red and blue color (Aaker and Biel, 2013). Along with this logo of the business entity includes the tagline Oh, yes we did. These components together form a strong brand identity of the business organization. This concept also provides a support to the positioning strategies as the all the components together make the goods more presentable and which develops more attraction of the consumers. The brand identity thus supports the positioning strategies an also decreases the efforts of the marketing team. On the other side, Burger Urge making fast food fabulous and also doing proper designed to delight. Along with this the scalable solutions are provided so that they can attain goals and objectives. The elements of brand entity create a sense of awareness and also provide a detailed knowledge of the product. This aids marketing team in putting fewer efforts to promote the goods and servic es. Brand Equity: Dominos Pizza are the second largest pizza selling company in the world and also having the domestic and international franchisees as they are having a large amount of investments. Along with this they are putting efforts by executing proper and appropriate advertising. In the United States, Dominos is the number one pizza delivery business entity. For doing the delivery, they cover the major areas and these are the elements which help in maintaining the brand equity in the marketplace. On the other hand, Burger urge offering additional lunch meals and also some beverages options which helps in leveraging the strength of company (Wheeler, 2013). Along with this they are offering best and qualitative products at a reasonable price to the consumers so as to enhance the brand equity of the company. Brand equity leveraging is done for capturing the new revenue streams. There are various types of brand equity leveraging which are mentioned as follows: Brand extension is the concept in which the organization uses the brand name of tan existing product which is already brand extension and also the established. This builds a new market for the new product for which the company is doing brand extension. This approach also have negative results is the extension is done too far then there will be loss of credibility. Line extension refers to the expansion of a product line. For instance by adding more ingredients and toppings in a specific pizza Dominos can develop line extension. This concept adds variety to the existing products. Touch Points of Target Markets Dominos the teenagers be considered as the target market. On the basis of a survey carried out it has been observed that this is the segment which is on the top in the list of consumption. The individuals from this group have habits of outside eating habits, so it is of very much ease to approach the consumers from this segment. The company can easily target them by developing attracting promotional events and contests, as the teenagers are very much interested in taking part in contests (Shimp. and Andrews, 2012). Moreover the entity should make use of social media such as Facebook, Twitter etc. as the teenagers are from the top users of internet and social media. Also the company should provide fascinating price schemes to attract them. While in case of Burger Urge target market is at very much limited scale a company operates the business activities at local scale. So the entity will have to target the locales but then also need to target the consumers as this is the group which utilizes the products of the company at the largest scale. Here, the firm can make use of social media but should use it at local means. Also local means of promotional tools should be used, such as ads in sports and fashion magazines, pamphlets, high hoardings. The reasonable pricing strategies can be a touch point of the consumers. As per the above analysis the price is the best touch point for the targeted segment for both the companies (Solomon,. 2014). By adapting economy pricing strategy both the companies can easily attain more and more consumers from the targeted segment. Keeping a moderate price of the products and this can be done by both the entities by making reduction in the promotional and production costs. This will help both the organizations to attract more and more consumers. Buying Path of Consumers The concept is a very much complicated process and has been segmented in 5 stages which are as follows:- This is the first most steps in the decision path. A decision to buy anything cannot be made without the recognition of the need (Jones. 2014). The need can be recognized by the internal stimuli such as thirst or hunger and external stimuli i.e. ads and promotions. Now after recognition the consumer will carry out a research over the recognition of the need an will try to reach at a solution. In this search the consumer will make efforts to search internal and external environments (Goldsmith, 2016). The next step in the decision path is that the consumer will make extra efforts to find for alternatives which can be more economical and relevant. Alternative can be considered as the factor which is capable of influencing the decision making process of consumer. Purchase decision is the stage at which the consumer finally makes the decision of buying is made and the product is bought for utilization. The next step is post purchase behavior, in which the consumer makes a comparison of the product with his previous expectations (Nazir and et al, 2012). This has to be considered one of the most critical stage as it has the greatest effect on the decision making of the consumer for the future. If the features of the products are not as per the expectations then it can make a change in the decision making process. Conclusion From the above carried out analysis it can be inferred that branding an developing plans an strategies are the top vital tasks for establishing the product in a market. The analysis has been carried out on the products of Dominos which is an international brand and Burger Urge which is a local brand. Further target markets for both the organizations have been analyzed and also differences have also been mentioned. References Rzemieniak, M., 2017. Marketing communication problemsA case study of agricultural exhibitions. Alden, D.L. and Nariswari, A., 2017. Brand Positioning Strategies During Global Expansion: Managerial Perspectives from Emerging Market Firms. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 527-530). Springer, Cham. Aaker, D.A., 2012.Building strong brands. Simon and Schuster. Janiszewska, K. and Insch, A., 2012. The strategic importance of brand positioning in the place brand concept: elements, structure and application capabilities.Journal of International Studies Vol,5(1). Aaker, D.A. and Biel, A., 2013.Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press. Wheeler, A., 2013.Designing brand identity(Vol. 3, pp. 1-40). John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Saravanakumar, M. and SuganthaLakshmi, T., 2012. Social media marketing.Life Science Journal,9(4), pp.4444-4451. Shimp, T.A. and Andrews, J.C., 2012.Advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Cengage Learning. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Goldsmith, E.B., 2016.Consumer economics: Issues and behaviors. Routledge. Nazir, S., Tayyab, A., Sajid, A., Rashid, H.U. and Javed, I., 2012. How online shopping is affecting consumers buying behavior in Pakistan.International Journal of Computer Science Issues,9(3), pp.486-495. Jones, s, 2014, The six stages of buying process and how to market them, Assessed on 5th April, https://www.business2community.com/consumer-marketing/six-stages-consumer-buying-process-market-0811565#hlev8exwtoyxTUfg.97.

Running Head HOUSING; RECREATIONAL AREAS AND BATH Essays

Running Head: HOUSING; RECREATIONAL AREAS AND BATHING FACILITIES; DISASTER SANITATION TUI UNIVERSITY Timothy N. Tarrant Module 4: BHE 314 Environmental Health and Safety Dr. Rania Sabty-Daily 20 August 2008 Abstract The first purpose of this paper is to investigate problems at a local apartment complex. There is lead-based paint peeling from the walls and mold growing on the walls. This paper will summarize the health hazards associated with lead and mold, and describe what may be done to control these two public health hazards. The second purpose of this is to determine how to protect the health of local swimmers at a recreational pool. I will discuss two methods that have been used to treat swimming pool water, ozonation and chlorination. Then I will identify the method that would provide the best protection to swimmers and the public's health. HOUSING AND HABITABILITY According to the Office of Lead-Based Paint Abatement and Poisoning Prevention, "Childhood lead poisoning is the most common environmental disease of young children." (EPA, 1996) Lead salts were added to paints as coloring agents and stabilizers during the Industrial Revolution. This lead-based paint was used to paint both exterior and interior surfaces of apartments, homes and buildings built prior to 1978. Subsequently, the federal government has since banned lead-based paint from housing in 1978. (HUD, 2007) Lead poisoning is caused by ingestion of lead from paint, soil, household dust, and even by drinking contaminated water. Lead paint that has deteriorated will mix with soil, is tracked into homes and becomes mixed with household dust. Children are often poisoned through the ingestion of paint chips or playing in contaminated soil. Lead-based paint can resurface and pose a hazard when paint surfaces crack, scale, peel and chip or become loose. Lead poisoning can cause brain, kidney, and nervous system damage. The effects on the central nervous system are mostly irreversible and include mental retardation, behavioral problems, and language deficits. Symptoms of lead poisoning are varied and dependent on the age of the exposed person and duration of exposure but include anemia, abdominal pain, irritability, slurred speech, lethargy, convulsions, coma, and even death. There are some simple things that you can do to protect your family from exposure to lead. The most important is basic hygiene and cleanliness. Wipe off dirt from shoes before walking into a house, mop dirty or dusty areas in the house and keep child play areas clean. Children should also keep from placing fingers or toys in their mouths. Hand hygiene is also very important. Children should wash their hands before eating or going to bed. This will limit accidental exposure through ingestion. If painted surfaces within the house are deteriorating, then repairing such areas will temporarily reduce the hazards. To permanently remove the painted lead hazards, someone that is certified in lead abatement should be hired. Certified workers have specialized training to properly and safely remove the paint and clean up residual dust. (HUD, 2007) Another household hazard present in many American homes is mold. Concerns in recent years have been brought up because of the causal relationship between mold and allergies, asthma, and exposure to mold- producing toxins. According to a 1999 May Clinic Study, "nearly all chronic sinus infections afflicting 37 million Americans are a result of molds." (Mann, 2002) Mold can grow on walls, ceilings, carpets, furniture and other household surfaces. Mold spores can cause serious health problems but mold doesn't affect everyone in the same manner. Hurricane Katrina created a huge mold problem within the United States. "One of the worst effects of water damage comes in the form of mold. Following a hurricane or severe floods, mold may develop, causing serious health problems. The state and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are working to inform the public as to the health hazards associated with mold, what can be done to minimize mold, and what ways can be effective in cleaning up mold." (FEMA, 2005) Mold is normally found in areas that have a relatively high humidity and can often be found just by the damp musty smell that is produced. Controlling household moisture is essential to control mold. In addition, direct sunlight prevents the growth of mold. Proper ventilation and the use of a dehumidifier will prevent and get rid of mold. The best way to remove mold growth from hard surfaces is to use commercial products, soap and water, or a bleach solution. SWIMMING POOLS Protecting people at recreational swimming pools is serious business. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, between